2024 Spn 4178 fmi 31

More parts mean more possible failures and more fault codes to learn. The SPN 3464 FMI 16 fault code stands for “Intake Manifold Pressure Over-boost Detected During a Regeneration”. You should see the CEL and the MIL warning lights illuminated when this code is set. Unfortunately, there are 34 steps you may …Home / DTC TRUCKS / Detroit / DD15 GHG14 (2014-16) / Detroit DD15 GHG14 (2014-16) Fault Code: SPN 4332 FMI 31 (ACM) DOC Inlet Temperature Out of Range Low Preventing Dosing. DOWNLOAD Volvo Impact 2021 Trucks & Buses 06.2021 DVD 9116 Spare Parts Catalog $ 56.00 Add to cart.SPN FMI list - Read online for free. This document provides an overview of diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs) and SAE J1939 specific problem numbers (SPNs) / failure mode indicators (FMs) for Allison B161, C161, and D161 software releases. It highlights any differences from previous releases and includes a table listing the DTC/SPN/FMI for …4. Glitching Software. The ECM runs on software that tells it how to function. If this software is not calibrated, it can cause the ECM to glitch out and trigger code SPN 1569 FMI 31 as well as other faults. 5. Failed Turbocharger. The turbocharger is responsible for pressurizing the air coming into the engine.Cummins ISB6.7 CM2350 (2013-17) Fault Code: 5278 PID: SPN: 6802 FMI: 31 Aftertreatment 1 Diesel Exhaust Fluid Dosing System Frozen – Condition Exists. The ECM has detected conditions which indicate the Diesel Exhaust Fluid Dosing System is …If you were the star of every show, would you watch more mobile television? Snapchat is betting that narcissism drives resonance for its new weekly videos that put you and your fri... Be the first to review “Detroit DD13 GHG14 (2014-16) Fault Code: SPN 188 FMI 31 (MCM) Idle Speed is Higher Than Targeted Idle Speed” Cancel reply Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked * My driver is receiving a SPN-3719 FMI 31 code on his truck. On your issue, That fault is for soot level being high. There are multiple reasons for why this fault is present. If the unit is shutting down the dpf is full or the engine protection is kicking on. The only way to get around this is to have the soot level reset with a service tool.SPN 4364 FMI 1. Since the FMI 1 code is tied to the SPN 4364 code, you know it is referring to your NOx system. In this case, this code means: “ This fault code sets when the Aftertreatment Control Module (ACM) detects that the NOx conversion is lower than a calibrated threshold”. In this case, there are over 20 steps to take to clear the code.Wayne. Journeyman. 19,070 satisfied customers. Spn 523510 fmi 31 cascadia 2016. Cascadia dd13. 500000. I've. I've traced every wire, disconnected every module, replace gateway tried another samcab, cpc still no data, gauges don't work and can't read … read more.Pin 4 Pump GND 31 NOTE: SPN 3475/FMI 5 may occur with DEF pump disconnected. 7. Conduct a wiggle test on ACM2.1 120-Pin connector, DEF pump harness connector. Does fault code go inactive? a. Yes; Repair the short-to-ground between pin 3 of the DEF pump harness connector and pin 20 of the ACM2.1 ...Number (SPN), and Failure Mode Indicator (FMI) Descriptions This solution helps explain the underlying meaning of the numerical components which build a fault code. ... 31 … For Bendix Fusion with AutoVue FLC20 if fault code (SA 232) SPN: 1705 FMI: 31 (with sub-fault clarification in ACOM = DTC 60 Image Processor Calibration error) is present apply the patch below: ŁDownload the patch> Unzip the patch once downloaded> Click correct Interface device> follow prompts to completion WARRANTY INFORMATION Warranty Claim ... Mar 15, 2023 · More on The SPN 2003 FMI 31 Code. There is a little more information that needs to be reported. First off. 99% of the time when you see this code the TCM has to be replaced. No questions asked. But the full code for this issue for the 1000 & 2000 Allison transmission series is: ECM: Allison - 1000 & 2000. Fault: P0614. Technical Assistance Center • • • • • • Plus: Did you bring joy? Hi Quartz members, Welcome to Sunday Reads! Consider it part two of our member-exclusive Weekend Brief email. Here each week, you’ll find our favorite stor...SeniorsMobility provides the best information to seniors on how they can stay active, fit, and healthy. We provide resources such as exercises for seniors, where to get mobility ai...Cummins ISX15 CM2250 (2010-12) Fault Code: 3151 (MR) PID: SPN: 4794 FMI: 31 Aftertreatment SCR catalyst System Missing- Condition Exists. Circuit Description The ECM monitors the NOx concentration in the engine’s exhaust gases using an aftertreatment intake NOx sensor and aftertreatment outlet NOx sensor. By comparing these two values, the ... Cummins ISB6.7 CM2350 (2013-17) Fault Code: 5278 PID: SPN: 6802 FMI: 31 Aftertreatment 1 Diesel Exhaust Fluid Dosing System Frozen – Condition Exists. The ECM has detected conditions which indicate the Diesel Exhaust Fluid Dosing System is frozen. 18), 6767 (SPN 3521 FMI 31) Root Cause: • When the diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) level in the DEF tank is low, the DEF quality sensor is more susceptible to calculating the DEF concentration incorrectly. The miscalculation is the result of air bubbles created by the low level of DEF moving in the DEF tank. Created Date: 3/19/2013 2:07:44 PM 2. Check for multiple fault codes. Are any of the following faults active: SPN 4363/FMI 3 or 4, SPN 3246/FMI 3, 4, or 21? a. Yes; Refer to section "SPN 3246/FMI 15 - GHG17" for diagnostics. b. No; Go to step 3. 3. Visually inspect the exhaust system from the turbocharger outlet to the aftertreatment inlet. Are there any visible signsJustAnswer is not intended or designed for EMERGENCY questions which should be directed immediately by telephone or in-person to qualified professionals. Spn 4007 fmi31, 2012 e5a01189. C4.4, Just trying to start it after battery dead, No - Answered by a verified Technician.Detroit DD15 GHG14 (2014-16) Fault Code: SPN 1328 FMI 31 (MCM) Idle Smoothness Control/Cylinder #6 Misfire at Idle. DESCRIPTION: This fault code sets when the motor control module (MCM) detects that cylinder #6 has low rpm speed with the injector commanded to max fueling for a count of two with all conditions met.In the New Cascadia troubleshooting manual it shows that SPN 523002 FMI 31 is ICU (SA23) telling you that EEPROM checksum Fault-Condition exists. FYI "Instrumentation Control Unit =ICU" Possible causes is Internal hardware failure. Trouble shooting steps are short. Program the ICU with the "Newest" software …These repair instructions are intended to address the following fault(s): DTC. Description. Possible Cause. Possible (Observable) Symptoms. SPN 4178 FMI 1. Transmission …If you were the star of every show, would you watch more mobile television? Snapchat is betting that narcissism drives resonance for its new weekly videos that put you and your fri...SPN: 1325 FMI: 31. Description: Engine Misfire Cylinder 3 Troubleshooting: The Electronic Control Module (ECM) determines when fuel needs to be supplied to injectors and supplies voltage to the injectors. The voltage causes a needle inside the injector to lift which uncovers the spray holes, directing fuel into the cylinder. Probable …Jan 13, 2023 · Engine IMP system monitor HELP. I’ve got a 2018 International with a 6.7 Cummins. The “big truck”code is. SPN 5321 FMI 31. I’ve replaced the EGR valve, EGR cooler, dpf filter, EGR differential pressure sensor, all dpf sensors, tore the intake horn and intake air heater off and cleaned thoroughly. This truck had other issues but every ... Make: DetroitEngine: DD15 GHG17 (2017 & Newer)PID: N/ASPN: 1327FMI: 31. met. 1. Engine speed steady between 600 and 950 rpm. 2. Engine coolant temperature between 65°C (149 F) and 114°C (237°F). 3. Engine fuel temperature between 0°C (32°F) and 150°C (302°F). Once per drive cycle when …FMI 18. FMI 31. Code Description: Aftertreatment SCR Catalyst Conversion Efficiency data valid but below normal operating range - moderately severe level. Best case scenario: Do a forced Regen and be on your way. If the Code comes back: if the code reappears you will need to consider getting DPF filter changed or getting it cleaned.Section 17.3SPN 1077/FMI 14. The fault condition is typically related to an internal or external leakage of the high pressure fuel system (too high, Leak Down Test). The MCM monitors rail pressure during engine shut down and compares it to a stored learned value. If the bleed down rate has changed, due to leakage, and it …SPN FMI list - Read online for free. This document provides an overview of diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs) and SAE J1939 specific problem numbers (SPNs) / failure mode indicators (FMs) for Allison B161, C161, and D161 software releases. It highlights any differences from previous releases and includes a table listing the DTC/SPN/FMI for …I am attaching the description, testing and wiring diagrams for code SPN 3464 FMI 31 Intake Throttle Valve. I hope this helps. Could it be a bad acceleration pedal too will this code cause no acceleration. Yes this code will cause no acceleration. I don't believe it has anything to do with the accelerator pedal.NOTE: If code 723-3, 723-4, 636-3, or 636-4 active fix those first.Confirmed 3/4 of a tank so performed a reset and started driving, made it about 50 miles and the low def light came on again followed shortly by a check engine and an eminent derate warning. Checked for codes and SPN 1569 FMI 31 came up. Made it to a rv park and waiting for the Cummings dealer to open …Allison Transmission Code Spn 4178 Fmi 31. spn fmi code list, allison transmission code 3359 fmi 31, allison transmission fault code spn 2003 fmi 31. Items. Product. Explore; Wakelet for Education; Wakelet for School Districts; Pricing; Features; Browser Extension; Apps; Accessibility; Community.These repair instructions are intended to address the following fault(s): DTC. Description. Possible Cause. Possible (Observable) Symptoms. SPN 4178 FMI 1. Transmission …Detroit DD15 EPA10 (2010-13) Fault Code: SPN 3464 FMI 31 (MCM) Intake Air Throttle Control Electrical Fault. DESCRIPTION: Intake air throttle control electrical fault. MONITORED PARAMETER: Intake throttle valve. TYPICAL ENABLING CONDITIONS: 1. Key on 2. Engine off. MONITOR SEQUENCE: None.• SPN 94 FMI 0, 3, and 4 (FDP) • SPN 157 FMI 3, 4, 20, and 21 (FRP) • SPN 633 FMI 3, 4, and 5 (FPCV) Fault Facts. If there is evidence of metal in the fuel system, …fault code fmi description first detected last observed type SPN-21 4 Engine ECU Temperature (use SPN 1136) Oct 10, 5:21 PM Oct 10, 5:42 PM Intermittent SPN-6912 7 Transmission Internal Component 2 Speed Oct 10, 5:21 PM Oct 10, 5:21 PM IntermittentA KeyBanc analyst says Papa John's and its ilk will get a boost because Americans are too worried to eat out. By clicking "TRY IT", I agree to receive newsletters and promotions fr...Created Date: 3/19/2013 2:07:44 PMDetroit DD13 EPA10 (2010-13) Fault Code: SPN 3711 FMI 31 (MCM) High Idle Regeneration (Aborted) – Low Exhaust Temperature. NOTE: The fault indicates that the High Idle Regeneration (HIR) was aborted due to the Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) inlet temperature not reaching the minimum of 270°C (518°F) to initiate …Posted on May 21, 2020. This code is generated by the ECM, and the fault in question is labeled as 2003, which is located in the TCM. In simple terms, the connection link between the ECM and TCM has been lost and the harness between them is damaged. Even if the harness is intact, remove it and then to reseat it just to be sure.Allison SPN 3359 FMI on the official code list only says- Transmission Filter Maintenance Required (p088b). But on one data sheet, it defines the code as- …Number (SPN), and Failure Mode Indicator (FMI) Descriptions This solution helps explain the underlying meaning of the numerical components which build a fault code. ... 31 …Engine light came on today and got this code SPN 4364 FMI 31. Engine is a isx15 cm2350, 2017 t680 with 532,000 miles on it. "Aftertreatment 1 SCR Conversion Efficiency" Along with the code it has started blowing A LOT of extra exhuast during regens.4. Glitching Software. The ECM runs on software that tells it how to function. If this software is not calibrated, it can cause the ECM to glitch out and trigger code SPN 1569 FMI 31 as well as other faults. 5. Failed Turbocharger. The turbocharger is responsible for pressurizing the air coming into the engine.Engine light came on today and got this code SPN 4364 FMI 31. Engine is a isx15 cm2350, 2017 t680 with 532,000 miles on it. "Aftertreatment 1 SCR Conversion Efficiency" Along with the code it has started blowing A LOT of extra exhuast during regens.4178: 1: Transmission Clutch Life Expired (Clutch Adaptive Learning at Limit) (P2789) TCU: 4178: 31: Transmission Service Indicator - Transmission Health Monitor: …If you're looking for a way to draw more attention to the crucial elements in your photographic composition, the Fibonacci Ratio offers a way to direct your viewers eye to the crit...This fault code sets when there is a code present for the following: 25% Derate, vehicle speed limited to 55 MPH due to power derate. This fault code appears after SPN 521049/FMI 31 and the speed limit has been …Cummins X15 CM2450 X124B (2018 & Newer) Fault Code: 5278 PID: SPN: 6802 FMI: 31 Aftertreatment 1 Diesel Exhaust Fluid Dosing System Frozen- Condition Exists. Circuit Description The aftertreatment diesel exhaust fluid tank heater keeps the diesel exhaust fluid from freezing in the diesel exhaust fluid tank. The tank heater consists of an ... On some New Business Class M2 and 108SD/114SD vehicles, bulkhead module (BHM) fault code SPN 6918 FMI 7 displays at key ON, despite all switches showing that the correct parameters are loaded and are present in DiagnosticLink®. This issue is resolved by upgrading BHM software 7.41 to BHM Software 7.43. Use the instructions in this Code 524017 31 Freightliner cascadia is for what. Verified. Hi I’m Mike and I am a technician here on Just Answer and I hope you are having a great day, and will do my very best to get you back up and running as soon as possible and will answer any questions you may have . You will be prompted to accept a phone …On a 2012 iH 4300 truck it has an trans and has a code SPN…. Answered in 1 hour by: Mike Mcmillan. Category: 8,192. Experience: Volvo/Mack Master Tech, Certified with Cummins, Eaton, GM, Hino, Detroit Diesel. Verified. Mike Mcmillan and 87 other Medium and Heavy Trucks Specialists are ready to help you. Created Date: 3/19/2013 2:07:44 PM Cummins ISX15 CM2250 (2010-12) Fault Code: 2646 PID: 110 SPN: 110 FMI: 31 Engine Coolant Temperature- Condition Exists. Circuit Description When the engine coolant temperature nears the engine protection limits, the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve will be closed to reduce the coolant temperature. This fault code is …Code 4364 FMI 31. 2016 m2 freightliner 6.7 cummins. Maybe and nothing yet. It has low kms - Answered by a verified Technician. ... Fault Code: 5655 PID(P): SPN: 4364 FMI: 31. NOx conversion across the SCR catalyst is too low. Possible reduced engine performance. Possible causes of this fault code include:SPN: XXXX FMI: XX Active OC: XXX SA: XXX. SPN: XXXX FMI: XX Previously Active OC: XXX SA: XXX. NOTE – Turning the key switch off, turning the key switch to the CRANK position, or releasing the park brake will take the gauge cluster out of the diagnostic mode. ... FMI=21 – Data Drifted Low FMI=31 – Condition Exists.2014 Freightliner 1FVHG3DV4EHFP3134, Keep getting code SPN…. So to resolve the issue, I would just call up one of the Freightliner shops and see if they can connect up, see which switch it is, replace it, then roll on. It should take roughly 30 minutes to do, in and out the door with the programming of the …Holiday Rambler Owners Club. Join Date: Sep 2007. Location: Somewhere, USA. Posts: 314. Blog Entries: 1. Diagnostic code "spn 3359 fmi 31. On my 2013 HR Endeavor with Maxx Force 10 I have a check trans light and the diag that reads out on the lcd shows the above code. I have no idea where to find information on these codes. 18), 6767 (SPN 3521 FMI 31) Root Cause: • When the diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) level in the DEF tank is low, the DEF quality sensor is more susceptible to calculating the DEF concentration incorrectly. The miscalculation is the result of air bubbles created by the low level of DEF moving in the DEF tank. BOYJF: Get the latest BasWare stock price and detailed information including BOYJF news, historical charts and realtime prices. Indices Commodities Currencies StocksHome / DTC TRUCKS / Detroit / DD15 GHG14 (2014-16) / Detroit DD15 GHG14 (2014-16) Fault Code: SPN 4332 FMI 31 (ACM) DOC Inlet Temperature Out of Range Low Preventing Dosing. DOWNLOAD Volvo Impact 2021 Trucks & Buses 06.2021 DVD 9116 Spare Parts Catalog $ 56.00 Add to cart. SPN 3359 FMI 1 Transmission - HDS J1939 - Ch1 Fault Description: Transmission Service Indicator FMI Description: Condition Exists SPN 4178 FMI 31 Transmission - HDS J1939 - Ch1 Fault Description: Transmission Service Indicator FMI Description: Data Valid but below Normal Operational Range - Most Severe Level SPN 4178 FMI 1 INACTIVE FAULT CODES: 0 Today, we'll trying to find out the troubleshooting of warning message: General Transmission Fault Unknown on Murphy PowerView PV101 display (refer to …Common FMI errors from 0 to 21 numbers. Data valid but above normal operational range (that is, engine overheating) Data valid but below normal operational range (that is, …Code 524017 31 Freightliner cascadia is for what. Verified. Hi I’m Mike and I am a technician here on Just Answer and I hope you are having a great day, and will do my very best to get you back up and running as soon as possible and will answer any questions you may have . You will be prompted to accept a phone …Section 97.11SPN 2791/FMI 31. The fault description is the EGR Actuator (Failsafe Mode, Motor On).‪. Check as follows:‪. Using DDDL 7.X, check SPN 2791/FMI 31 Extended Data Record #3 “Physical Data” for the Reserved Extreme Parameter value as seen in the following DDDL screen. The action to take is listed in the following table.Codes Reason Effect. Fault Code: 4713. PID (P): SPN: 5357. FMI: 11/31. Lamp: Amber. SRT: A malfunction of a single or multiple fuel injectors has been detected. Engine may run rough, may stop running, may not start, or may be difficult to start.Mar 15, 2023 · More on The SPN 2003 FMI 31 Code. There is a little more information that needs to be reported. First off. 99% of the time when you see this code the TCM has to be replaced. No questions asked. But the full code for this issue for the 1000 & 2000 Allison transmission series is: ECM: Allison - 1000 & 2000. Fault: P0614. If the resistance is greater than 5 Ω, repair short to ground between pin 22 of the 31–pin connector on the vehicle side of the harness and the fan control solenoid. ... Section 115.1 SPN 3556/FMI 0 or 1. Next DD15 Troubleshooting – Section 117.1 SPN 3598/FMI 4. Leave a Reply Cancel reply. Your email address will not be published.Wayne. Journeyman. 19,070 satisfied customers. Spn 523510 fmi 31 cascadia 2016. Cascadia dd13. 500000. I've. I've traced every wire, disconnected every module, replace gateway tried another samcab, cpc still no data, gauges don't work and can't read … read more.If you've worked with Word much at all, you know how frustrating it can be getting formatting just the way you want it. While you can't remove all of the frustration, you can elimi...Common FMI errors from 0 to 21 numbers. Data valid but above normal operational range (that is, engine overheating) Data valid but below normal operational range (that is, …Technical Assistance Center • • • • • •PACCAR PX-9 CM2350 (2013-17) Fault Code:3241 PID: SPN:4342 FMI:4 Aftertreatment 1 Diesel Exhaust Fluid Line Heater 2 Circuit – Voltage Below Normal or Shorted to Low Source FMI SPN FMI DESCRIPTION QSB QSC QSL9 QSM1 1 QSX1 5 QSK19 QSK23 QS T 30 QSK45 QSK60 QSK78 HHP Level Number (**) 184 (Yellow) S233 2 609 2 Engine Control Module Identification Input State Error X X 185 (Yellow) S231 2 639 2 Engine Control Module Network Communication X Error 187 (Yellow) S232 4 620 4 Sensor Supply Voltage #2 Circuit - shorted low ... On some New Business Class M2 and 108SD/114SD vehicles, bulkhead module (BHM) fault code SPN 6918 FMI 7 displays at key ON, despite all switches showing that the correct parameters are loaded and are present in DiagnosticLink®. This issue is resolved by upgrading BHM software 7.41 to BHM Software 7.43. Use the instructions in this

Puppy Poster. 1. Location:Redgranite Wisconsin. Posted April 26, 2023. I have a 2018 mack mru with the mp7. I have that code number referring to regeneration incomplete- active I'm using j-pro and when I'm in the Regen screen all the emissions are n/a def tank and level work tho. I can unplug a sense and it …. First name in pilsners crossword clue

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Posts: 20. Transmission warning light. We have 2011 Tiffin Allegro Breeze with a Allison 1000 or 2000 transmission. Recently the transmission warning light came on. Had the transmission oil and both internal and external filters changed and the warning light is still on. Did a code check and found two Spn 2003 Fmi 31 & Spn 3359 Fmi 31.Description This fault sets when the DOC inlet temperature does not reach a minimum of 270°C (518°F) during a regeneration. Monitored ParameterSection 128.1 SPN 3719/FMI 0, 15,16,or 31. The troubleshooting procedures for this SPN can be found in the Aftertreatment System Technician's Guide (7SE63), refer to Chapter "21 SPN 3719 Soot Level Above Normal" 19.‪On a 2012 iH 4300 truck it has an trans and has a code SPN…. Answered in 1 hour by: Mike Mcmillan. Category: 8,192. Experience: Volvo/Mack Master Tech, Certified with Cummins, Eaton, GM, Hino, Detroit Diesel. Verified. Mike Mcmillan and 87 other Medium and Heavy Trucks Specialists are ready to help you.the current transfer P0843 ONHigh pressure sensor voltage PS1. .DNS, the AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION remains on the current transfer P0847 Pressure sensor low voltage …This card from American Express comes with a $250 annual fee. But do its perks justify paying that amount? The credit cards world scratched its collective head when Marriott Bonvoy... 2 SPN 521052/FMI 31 - GHG17 DEF Inducement CEL Lamp Active Table 1. SPN 521052/FMI 31 Description This Code Sets When SPN 521050/FMI 31 has been Present for One Hour of Idle Time, the Vehicle has been Restarted or Six Gallons of Fuel has been Used. Monitored Parameter SCR and Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) Sensors Detroit DD15 EPA07 (2007-09) Fault Code: SPN 3711 FMI 31 (MCM) High Idle Regeneration (Aborted) – Low Exhaust Temperature. NOTE: If fault code SPN 3242 diesel oxidation filter (DOC) inlet temperature FMI any is present, repair it first. The fault indicates that the high idle regeneration (HIR) was aborted due to the DOC inlet temperature not ...The SPN code helps pinpoint the system or component causing the problem, and the FMI code indicates the type and severity of the fault. A value of 3 for an FMI indicates a voltage above normal range, while 15 represents one below normal range. Though these codes are extremely helpful in identifying mechanical problems, they can …May 22, 2023 · SPN 4364 FMI 1. Since the FMI 1 code is tied to the SPN 4364 code, you know it is referring to your NOx system. In this case, this code means: “ This fault code sets when the Aftertreatment Control Module (ACM) detects that the NOx conversion is lower than a calibrated threshold”. In this case, there are over 20 steps to take to clear the code. P.O. Box 894, Speed Code 462-470-PF3 Indianapolis, Indiana 46206-0894 www.allisontransmission.com SA3360EN (2006/05) Litho in U.S.A. ISO/QS 9000 and ISO 14001 CertifiedThe SPN code helps pinpoint the system or component causing the problem, and the FMI code indicates the type and severity of the fault. A value of 3 for an FMI indicates a voltage above normal range, while 15 represents one below normal range. Though these codes are extremely helpful in identifying mechanical problems, they can …Code 524017 31 Freightliner cascadia is for what. Verified. Hi I’m Mike and I am a technician here on Just Answer and I hope you are having a great day, and will do my very best to get you back up and running as soon as possible and will answer any questions you may have . You will be prompted to accept a phone ….

2 SPN 4795/FMI 31 - MY13 This diagnostic is typically Particulate Filter (DPF) Outlet Temperature Response - Too Fast. NOTE: This fault indicates the ACM2.1 has detected a sudden temperature shift on the DPF outlet temperature sensor. The most likely cause is an intermittent wiring concern (poor terminal fit, corrosion, chaffing, etc.).

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